Aquaculture- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia Disease

INTRODUCTION

Bacterial diseases are the most common infectious problem of commercial aquaculture.Some pathogenic bacteria are responsible for fish diseases in Captivity and responsible for kidney disease, dropsy, enteric red-mouth, tuberculosis, vibriosis, motile aeromonad septicemia, bacterial gill disease, mouth fungus, tail and fin rot, and columnaris diseases . Among these motile aeromonus septicemia is the most common and troublesome diseases of fish raised in ponds and recirculating systems. The widespread  of these bacteria in the aquatic environment and the stress caused  by intensive culture practices exposed the fish into  infections. Motile aeromonad infections have been recognized  by various names, including motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS), motile aeromonad infection (MAI), hemorrhagic septicemia, red pest, and red sore.

CAUSE OF MAS(Motile Aeromonas Septicemia)

This Disease is caused by Motile aeromonas group. A hydrophila, A. caviae and A. Sobria are the most varilunt species in this group, but Currently, many additional Aeromonas species have been isolated from fish and recognized by using numerical taxonomy. All motile aermonads are gram negative, motile, non-spore-forming. The optimum growth temperature is 28oC, but growth can occur at 37oC. Most cultured and wild fish are susceptible to infection with A.hydrophila such as carp, channel catfish, eel, goldfish snakehead fish, rainbow trout, brown trout and tilapia.

FACTOR FOR CAUSING MAS(Motile Aeromonas Septicemia)

High temperature,  overcrowding, reduction of oxygen, malnutrition,heavy infestation with parasites,organic pollution,high ammonia and nitrite level, injuries or damage of the skin and gills,spawning activity , rough handling and transportation of fish.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 

Infections vary greatly in appearance and may be seen in the skin only, as an internal systemic disease (septicemia), or as a combination of both.  In unscaled fish (e.g., catfish), there is often fraying and reddening of fins, accompanied by irregular, variably sized areas of depigmentation (paleness) that can develop anywhere on the body surface. The skin overlying these sites is eventually lost, exposing the muscle . These open sores or ulcers may remain superficial or they can be extensive and invade deeply into muscle in some cases . These ulcers often have ragged white margins bordered by a narrow zone of hemorrhage. In scaled fish (e.g., Carp), skin lesions begin as small hemorrhages within scale pockets  that can rapidly expand to larger areas. Affected scales are eventually lost and ulcers form. Aeromonas infection may also include any or all of the following external signs: exophthalmia (popeye), abdominal distention (swelling of the abdomen), and pale gills. 

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DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia(MAS) in fish cannot be based on clinical signs associated with the disease because other bacterial organisms often produce similar clinical signs and identical external lesions.   sick fish should be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for a complete evaluation that includes bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing to determine which antibiotic will best treat the infection. It should be collected in sealed  plastic bags without adding water, and placed in a cooler surrounded by ice or ice pack and should be submitted within 24 to 48 hours in test lab. Do not freeze samples; freezing seriously hinders diagnostic evaluation. Consult your local diagnostic laboratory for specific details . While it was found that only four tests (aesculin hydrolysis, acetone production, lysine decarboxylation and gas from glucose) were sufficient to distinguish A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria. Direct fluorescent antibody technique, indirect fluorescent antibody technique and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are used for diagnosis of the disease

TREATMENTS 

Motile Aeromonas Septicemia can be treated by using medicated ration containing 2 to 4 g of oxytetracycline/Kg of feed per day for 10 days or as per recommendation of your B.F.sc/Consultant.  Prolonged bath treatments with potassium permanganate at 2 to 4 mg/L will be effective, if disease occurs. While bath treatments of 1 to 3% Nacl or 2 to 4 mg/L of potassium permanganate or as per recommendation of B.f.sc/consultant will reduce the incidence of post infections. Motile Aeromonas septicemia is generally caused due to stress, avoiding stress factors will be the better option rather than treating of the disease. periodic drying, good hygiene and disinfection of ponds are important in prevention of disease. 

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