Aquaculture- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia Disease

INTRODUCTION

Bacterial diseases are the most common infectious problem of commercial aquaculture.Some pathogenic bacteria are responsible for fish diseases in Captivity and responsible for kidney disease, dropsy, enteric red-mouth, tuberculosis, vibriosis, motile aeromonad septicemia, bacterial gill disease, mouth fungus, tail and fin rot, and columnaris diseases . Among these motile aeromonus septicemia is the most common and troublesome diseases of fish raised in ponds and recirculating systems. The widespread  of these bacteria in the aquatic environment and the stress caused  by intensive culture practices exposed the fish into  infections. Motile aeromonad infections have been recognized  by various names, including motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS), motile aeromonad infection (MAI), hemorrhagic septicemia, red pest, and red sore.

CAUSE OF MAS(Motile Aeromonas Septicemia)

This Disease is caused by Motile aeromonas group. A hydrophila, A. caviae and A. Sobria are the most varilunt species in this group, but Currently, many additional Aeromonas species have been isolated from fish and recognized by using numerical taxonomy. All motile aermonads are gram negative, motile, non-spore-forming. The optimum growth temperature is 28oC, but growth can occur at 37oC. Most cultured and wild fish are susceptible to infection with A.hydrophila such as carp, channel catfish, eel, goldfish snakehead fish, rainbow trout, brown trout and tilapia.

FACTOR FOR CAUSING MAS(Motile Aeromonas Septicemia)

High temperature,  overcrowding, reduction of oxygen, malnutrition,heavy infestation with parasites,organic pollution,high ammonia and nitrite level, injuries or damage of the skin and gills,spawning activity , rough handling and transportation of fish.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 

Infections vary greatly in appearance and may be seen in the skin only, as an internal systemic disease (septicemia), or as a combination of both.  In unscaled fish (e.g., catfish), there is often fraying and reddening of fins, accompanied by irregular, variably sized areas of depigmentation (paleness) that can develop anywhere on the body surface. The skin overlying these sites is eventually lost, exposing the muscle . These open sores or ulcers may remain superficial or they can be extensive and invade deeply into muscle in some cases . These ulcers often have ragged white margins bordered by a narrow zone of hemorrhage. In scaled fish (e.g., Carp), skin lesions begin as small hemorrhages within scale pockets  that can rapidly expand to larger areas. Affected scales are eventually lost and ulcers form. Aeromonas infection may also include any or all of the following external signs: exophthalmia (popeye), abdominal distention (swelling of the abdomen), and pale gills. 

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DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia(MAS) in fish cannot be based on clinical signs associated with the disease because other bacterial organisms often produce similar clinical signs and identical external lesions.   sick fish should be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for a complete evaluation that includes bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing to determine which antibiotic will best treat the infection. It should be collected in sealed  plastic bags without adding water, and placed in a cooler surrounded by ice or ice pack and should be submitted within 24 to 48 hours in test lab. Do not freeze samples; freezing seriously hinders diagnostic evaluation. Consult your local diagnostic laboratory for specific details . While it was found that only four tests (aesculin hydrolysis, acetone production, lysine decarboxylation and gas from glucose) were sufficient to distinguish A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria. Direct fluorescent antibody technique, indirect fluorescent antibody technique and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are used for diagnosis of the disease

TREATMENTS 

Motile Aeromonas Septicemia can be treated by using medicated ration containing 2 to 4 g of oxytetracycline/Kg of feed per day for 10 days or as per recommendation of your B.F.sc/Consultant.  Prolonged bath treatments with potassium permanganate at 2 to 4 mg/L will be effective, if disease occurs. While bath treatments of 1 to 3% Nacl or 2 to 4 mg/L of potassium permanganate or as per recommendation of B.f.sc/consultant will reduce the incidence of post infections. Motile Aeromonas septicemia is generally caused due to stress, avoiding stress factors will be the better option rather than treating of the disease. periodic drying, good hygiene and disinfection of ponds are important in prevention of disease. 

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PANGASIUS FISH FARMING

Introduction

Pangasius(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farming is One of the fastest growing types of aquaculture of the world as well as in India.The major markets for this fish are the European Union, Russia, Southeast Asia and the United States. Vietnam is the highest producing country in the world. In india pangasius is being cultivated in many state like  Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala and Orissa, Maharashtra ,   bihar, etc. india is also exporting Pangasius in european countries as well as growing demand in domestic markets.The fish's relatively low cost, mild flavour and delicate texture have allowed consumption to rise across the world.

About Pangasius

Body long, latterly flattened with no scales. Head relatively small. Mouth broad with small sharp teeth on jaw, vomerine and palatal bones. Eyes relatively large. Two pairs of barbels, upper shorter than the lower. Fins dark grey or black . The Pangasius fish grows up quite rapidly. It lives mostly in freshwater, but it can tolerate brackish water with a salt concentration of 0.7% - 1%, and alum water (PH > 5). which can be fatal at temperatures lower than 15 degree Celsius, but can be tolerated at temperatures as high as 39 degree Celsius.  Fingerlings can reach 4-6 cm in 40-50 days post-hatch. The stoking has further been intensified in monoculture and it is 30,000 fingerlings/acer  in nursery ponds under intensive culture, each pond produces 50 tons/ ha of 1 kg fish. Under poly culture, the stocking density of Pangasius( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) should not be more than 10,000/ ha .As for commercially farmed fish, those weighing from 800 grams to 1,100 grams, after 6 to 8 months.

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Cultivation of Pangasius

Pangasius can be cultivated in both pond and cage with a stocking of high density. The Net cage size from 50 to 1 600 m3 with bigger cage normally having living quarters over the water. Ongrowing cage are commonly stocked at 100-150/m3 and yields are commonly 100-120 kg/m3/crop. Pond preparation is the same as general preparation for fish ponds. Sundry the pond until the pond bottom cracks to eliminate unwanted fish species and condition the pond. Stocking should be done early morning or late afternoon. Survival rate of Pangasius spp. is estimated to be 80-90% depending on the culture environment.  The simple design pond of 10,000 sqm can stock 20-40 fish/m2, intensive monoculture ponds are usually stocked at 40-60/m2, with some grow-out farmers stocking even higher. Striped catfish reach 1.0-1.5 kg after 6 months or less, depending on the size of fingerlings stocked. 

                                                                                               


Water Management.

Water is important for all fish, so optimum conditions for certain parameters of water should be the primary factor to consider in engaging to fish culture. Water quality parameters like pH (6.5-7.5), Dissolve Oxygen (DO) (0.1 mg/l), Temperature (25-30° C), Salinity (<2 ppt) and water depth (1.5-2m). These should be maintained to get a better yield for the culture of Pangasius spp. Pangasius spp. is an air breathing fish thus, they don’t need to have a much higher DO in the water column.

Feeding Management

Pangasius can be fed with kitchen waste, rice bran or pelleted feeds (recommended for faster growth and better fish quality) at a rate of 2.5% of their average body weight (ABW) and will be adjusted two time weekly. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) averages to 1.5:1, which makes it a suitable for culture.Commercial feed is more expensive then alternate option of  home made feed.  young fish cannot feed well on homemade feed so industrial feed is often used during the first two months of the grow-out culture system.home made feed also consist of rich source of protein such as soybean meal, corn, dried fish, meat bone meal and poultry.Farmer can also add some additional ingredient like vitamin C, lysine, anti-oxidants, probiotics, vitamins and a mineral premix to improve the quality of feed. Pangasius is omnivorous (eat both plants and animals) during their first year and become herbivorous for the following years.

Disease in Pangasius 

BNP (Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasius) - this is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, a bacteria that survives in pond water for around 2 weeks and up to three to four months in pond mud. Fingerlings and juvenile fish are most at risk, although fish of all ages can be affected.

High stocking densities, pollutants, health problems and crowding can bring on the disease. It is usually fatal, and mortality rates increase rapidly.

Clinical signs tend to become apparent immediately before death when the fish swim slowly at the surface of the water, and look pale with internal white spots on the liver, kidney and spleen.

Treatment-Use the antibiotic along with proper measure of water parameters like Ph,Oxygen and Temperature.

Red Spot Disease - brought on by a group of motile aeromonas septicaemia, this disease occurs in fingerlings and during the grow-out phase.

Symptoms include slow swimming, no food intake, haemorrhages on the head, mouth and base of the fins and possible gas in the gut.

Conditions that favour red spot disease are high stocking densities, environmental pollutants and organic mud in ponds. Red Spot Disease is more likely to occur when the fish are stressed, for example during handling or transportation.

Treatment- Use antibiotic , liming water and improving water quality, together with removal of infected fish, is often effective in reducing mortalities.

Parasite Diseases - these are brought on by Trichodina spp and Epistylis spp. Symptoms include slow swimming at the surface of the water, disorientation, lesions, fin rot, white spots on the body and difficulty breathing.

Fish are also vulnerable to bacterial infections as they become very weak and have less of an appetite. Sporadic outbreaks with a low mortality rate also occur. Adverse climate conditions, such as downpours of rain followed immediately by sunshine, can help bring on the disease, as well as poor water quality and high stocking densities.

Treatment- Copper sulphate or formalin can be used as a treatment. Generally, disinfection is an effective way to control the parasites.

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About The Fish Farming In India

India has huge and differed sorts of inland  fisheries assets as waterways,estuaries,        repositories,floodplain wetlands, lakes,  waterfront tidal ponds and backwaters,which  assume significant role in fish production in the  country, guaranteeing nourishment and  wholesome security,business age and profession to a huge number of individuals. Aquaculture is practiced in both fresh and brackish waters.
The cold water fisheries assets contain water reservoir, streams, lakes, supplies with a joined riverine length of 8253 km and 41 600 ha of rambling lakes and stores.The immense and shifted assets, that are 2.36 million ha of lakes and tanks and 1.24 million ha of brackishwater assets offer extraordinary open doors for vocation improvement. The part is additionally a significant wellspring of auxiliary occupations for country populace, particularly in advertising, retailing, transportation and so on. Be that as it may, the part remains to a great extent un-sorted out even today basically because of dissipated and diffused nature of exercises.

Specifications of Fish Cultivation In India

Carp is the most significant species cultivated in freshwater in India. The three Indian significant carps, to be specific, Catla (catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) contribute over 90% of the complete Indian aquaculture production.After introducing  the carp polyculture system in the country, three exotic carps, namely, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) become the second most common choose of indian farmers.

The catfishes, Philippine catfish, 'magur' (Clarias batrachus) is the main species that has a major deal of consideration in India. Stinging catfish, 'Singhi' (Heteropneustes fossilis) is another air-breathing catfish species being refined to a limited degree in marshes and neglected water bodies, particularly in the eastern states. As of late, endeavors have been made to build up the way of life of fishes like pangasius, Pangasius sutchi, Oreochromis niloticus, Ompok pabda ....

The brackish water fish farming part is basically upheld by shrimp creation, just as, the giants tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), which is liable for the main part of creation followed by the as of late presented whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. The way of life of this shrimp got comparable to tiger shrimp in limited capacity to focus time. In spite of the fact that India has a few other potential types of finfish and shellfish, the production of these, is still extremely serene. In seawater, the major cultivated species are the green mussel (Perna viridis), Indian dark colored mussel (Perna indica), Indian backwater shellfish (Crassostrea madrasensis), Japanese pearl clam (Pinctada fucata) and kelp species like Gracilaria edulis.

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Big head,Grass carp,Common carp, Monosex, Scampi...), Technical Consulting, Medications ,Supplement and all kind of feeds..

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